7. MUTUAL FUNDS

7. MUTUAL FUNDS
What is the Regulatory Body for Mutual Funds?
Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulatory body for all the
mutual funds. All the mutual funds must get registered with SEBI.
What are the benefits of investing in Mutual Funds?
There are several benefits from investing in a Mutual Fund:
Small investments: Mutual funds help you to reap the benefit of
returns by a portfolio spread across a wide spectrum of companies
with small investments.
Professional Fund Management: Professionals having
considerable expertise, experience and resources manage the pool of
money collected by a mutual fund. They thoroughly analyse the
markets and economy to pick good investment opportunities.
Spreading Risk: An investor with limited funds might be able to
invest in only one or two stocks/bonds, thus increasing his or her
risk. However, a mutual fund will spread its risk by investing a
number of sound stocks or bonds. A fund normally invests in
companies across a wide range of industries, so the risk is
diversified.
Transparency: Mutual Funds regularly provide investors with
information on the value of their investments. Mutual Funds also
provide complete portfolio disclosure of the investments made by
various schemes and also the proportion invested in each asset type.
Choice: The large amount of Mutual Funds offer the investor a wide
variety to choose from. An investor can pick up a scheme depending
upon his risk/ return profile.
Regulations: All the mutual funds are registered with SEBI and they
function within the provisions of strict regulation designed to protect
the interests of the investor.
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What is NAV?
NAV or Net Asset Value of the fund is the cumulative market value of the
assets of the fund net of its liabilities. NAV per unit is simply the net value of
assets divided by the number of units outstanding. Buying and selling into
funds is done on the basis of NAV-related prices.
The NAV of a mutual fund are required to be published in newspapers. The
NAV of an open end scheme should be disclosed on a daily basis and the
NAV of a close end scheme should be disclosed at least on a weekly basis
What is Entry/Exit Load?
A Load is a charge, which the mutual fund may collect on entry and/or exit
from a fund. A load is levied to cover the up-front cost incurred by the
mutual fund for selling the fund. It also covers one time processing costs.
Some funds do not charge any entry or exit load. These funds are referred
to as ‘No Load Fund’. Funds usually charge an entry load ranging between
1.00% and 2.00%. Exit loads vary between 0.25% and 2.00%.
For e.g. Let us assume an investor invests Rs. 10,000/- and the current NAV
is Rs.13/-. If the entry load levied is 1.00%, the price at which the investor
invests is Rs.13.13 per unit. The investor receives 10000/13.13 = 761.6146
units. (Note that units are allotted to an investor based on the amount
invested and not on the basis of no. of units purchased).
Let us now assume that the same investor decides to redeem his 761.6146
units. Let us also assume that the NAV is Rs 15/- and the exit load is
0.50%. Therefore the redemption price per unit works out to Rs. 14.925.
The investor therefore receives 761.6146 x 14.925 = Rs.11367.10.
Are there any risks involved in investing in Mutual Funds?
Mutual Funds do not provide assured returns. Their returns are linked to
their performance. They invest in shares, debentures, bonds etc. All these
investments involve an element of risk. The unit value may vary depending
upon the performance of the company and if a company defaults in payment
of interest/principal on their debentures/bonds the performance of the fund
may get affected. Besides incase there is a sudden downturn in an industry
or the government comes up with new a regulation which affects a particular
industry or company the fund can again be adversely affected. All these
factors influence the performance of Mutual Funds.
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Some of the Risk to whic h Mutual Funds are exposed to is given below:
Market risk
If the overall stock or bond markets fall on account of overall
economic factors, the value of stock or bond holdings in the fund's
portfolio can drop, thereby impacting the fund performance.
Non-market risk
Bad news about an individual company can pull down its stock price,
which can negatively affect fund holdings. This risk can be reduced
by having a diversified portfolio that consists of a wide variety of
stocks drawn from different industries.
Interest rate risk
Bond prices and interest rates move in opposite directions. When
interest rates rise, bond prices fall and this decline in underlying
securities affects the fund negatively.
Credit risk
Bonds are debt obligations. So when the funds invest in corporate
bonds, they run the risk of the corporate defaulting on their interest
and principal payment obligations and when that risk crystallizes, it
leads to a fall in the value of the bond causing the NAV of the fund to
take a beating.
What are the different types of Mutual funds?
Mutual funds are classified in the following manner:
(a) On the basis of Objective
Equity Funds/ Growth Funds
Funds that invest in equity shares are called equity funds. They carry
the principal objective of capital appreciation of the investment over
the medium to long-term. They are best suited for investors who are
seeking capital appreciation. There are different types of equity funds
such as Diversified funds, Sector specific funds and Index based
funds.
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Diversified funds
These funds invest in companies spread across sectors. These
funds are generally meant for risk-averse investors who want
a diversified portfolio across sectors.
Sector funds
These funds invest primarily in equity shares of companies in
a particular business sector or industry. These funds are
targeted at investors who are bullish or fancy the prospects of
a particular sector.
Index funds
These funds invest in the same pattern as popular market
indices like S&P CNX Nifty or CNX Midcap 200. The money
collected from the investors is invested only in the stocks,
which represent the index. For e.g. a Nifty index fund will
invest only in the Nifty 50 stocks. The objective of such funds
is not to beat the market but to give a return equivalent to
the market returns.
Tax Saving Funds
These funds offer tax benefits to investors under the Income Tax Act.
Opportunities provided under this scheme are in the form of tax
rebates under the Income Tax act.
Debt/Income Funds
These funds invest predominantly in high-rated fixed-income-bearing
instruments like bonds, debentures, government securities,
commercial paper and other money market instruments. They are
best suited for the medium to long-term investors who are averse to
risk and seek capital preservation. They provide a regular income to
the investor.
Liquid Funds/Money Market Funds
These funds invest in highly liquid money market instruments. The
period of investment could be as short as a day. They provide easy
liquidity. They have emerged as an alternative for savings and shortterm
fixed deposit accounts with comparatively higher returns. These
funds are ideal for corporates, institutional investors and business
houses that invest their funds for very short periods.
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Gilt Funds
These funds invest in Central and State Government securities. Since
they are Government backed bonds they give a secured return and
also ensure safety of the principal amount. They are best suited for
the medium to long-term investors who are averse to risk.
Balanced Funds
These funds invest both in equity shares and fixed-income-bearing
instruments (debt) in some proportion. They provide a steady return
and reduce the volatility of the fund while providing some upside for
capital appreciation. They are ideal for medium to long-term
investors who are willing to take moderate risks.
b) On the basis of Flexibility
Open-ended Funds
These funds do not have a fixed date of redemption. Generally they
are open for subscription and redemption throughout the year. Their
prices are linked to the daily net asset value (NAV). From the
investors' perspective, they are much more liquid than closed-ended
funds.
Close-ended Funds
These funds are open initially for entry during the Initial Public
Offering (IPO) and thereafter closed for entry as well as exit. These
funds have a fixed date of redemption. One of the characteristics of
the close-ended schemes is that they are generally traded at a
discount to NAV; but the discount narrows as maturity nears. These
funds are open for subscription only once and can be redeemed only
on the fixed date of redemption. The units of these funds are listed
on stock exchanges (with certain exceptions), are tradable and the
subscribers to the fund would be able to exit from the fund at any
time through the secondary market.
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What are the different investment plans that Mutual Funds
offer?
The term ’investment plans’ generally refers to the services that the funds
provide to investors offering different ways to invest or reinvest. The
different investment plans are an important consideration in the investment
decision, because they determine the flexibility available to the investor.
Some of the investment plans offered by mutual funds in India are:
Growth Plan and Dividend Plan
A growth plan is a plan under a scheme wherein the returns from
investments are reinvested and very few income distributions, if any,
are made. The investor thus only realizes capital appreciation on the
investment. Under the dividend plan, income is distributed from time
to time. This plan is ideal to those investors requiring regular income.
Dividend Reinvestment Plan
Dividend plans of schemes carry an additional option for
reinvestment of income distribution. This is referred to as the
dividend reinvestment plan. Under this plan, dividends declared by a
fund are reinvested in the scheme on behalf of the investor, thus
increasing the number of units held by the investors.
What are the rights that are available to a Mutual Fund holder
in India?
As per SEBI Regulations on Mutual Funds, an investor is entitled to:
1. Receive Unit certificates or statements of accounts confirming
your title within 6 weeks from the date your request for a unit
certificate is received by the Mutual Fund.
2. Receive information about the investment policies, investment
objectives, financial position and general affairs of the scheme.
3. Receive dividend within 42 days of their declaration and receive
the redemption or repurchase proceeds within 10 days from the
date of redemption or repurchase.
4. The trustees shall be bound to make such disclosures to the unit
holders as are essential in order to keep them informed about any
information, which may have an adverse bearing on their
investments.
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5. 75% of the unit holders with the prior approval of SEBI can
terminate the AMC of the fund.
6. 75% of the unit holders can pass a resolution to wind-up the
scheme.
7. An investor can send complaints to SEBI, who will take up the
matter with the concerned Mutual Funds and follow up with them
till they are resolved.
What is a Fund Offer document?
A Fund Offer document is a document that offers you all the information you
could possibly need about a particular scheme and the fund launching that
scheme. That way, before you put in your money, you're well aware of the
risks etc involved. This has to be designed in accordance with the guidelines
stipulated by SEBI and the prospectus must disclose details about:
§ Investment objectives
§ Risk factors and special considerations
§ Summary of expenses
§ Constitution of the fund
§ Guidelines on how to invest
§ Organization and capital structure
§ Tax provisions related to transactions
§ Financial information
What is Active Fund Management?
When investment decisions of the fund are at the discretion of a fund
manager(s) and he or she decides which company, instrument or class of
assets the fund should invest in based on research, analysis, market news
etc. such a fund is called as an actively managed fund. The fund buys and
sells securities actively based on changed perceptions of investment from
time to time. Based on the classifications of shares with different
characteristics, ‘active’ investment managers construct different portfolio.
Two basic investment styles prevalent among the mutual funds are Growth
Investing and Value Investing:
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§ Growth Investing Style
The primary objective of equity investment is to obtain
capital appreciation. A growth manager looks for
companies that are expected to give above average
earnings growth, where the manager feels that the
earning prospects and therefore the stock prices in
future will be even higher. Identifying such growth
sectors is the challenge before the growth investment
manager.
§ Value investment Style
A Value Manager looks to buy companies that they
believe are currently undervalued in the market, but
whose worth they estimate will be recognized in the
market valuations eventually.
What is Passive Fund Management?
When an investor invests in an actively managed mutual fund, he or she
leaves the decision of investing to the fund manager. The fund manager is
the decision- maker as to which company or instrument to invest in.
Sometimes such decisions may be right, rewarding the investor handsomely.
However, chances are that the decisions might go wrong or may not be right
all the time which can lead to substantial losses for the investor. There are
mutual funds that offer Index funds whose objective is to equal the return
given by a select market index. Such funds follow a passive investment
style. They do not analyse companies, markets, economic factors and then
narrow down on stocks to invest in. Instead they prefer to invest in a
portfolio of stocks that reflect a market index, such as the Nifty index. The
returns generated by the index are the returns given by the fund. No
attempt is made to try and beat the index. Research has shown that most
fund managers are unable to constantly beat the market index year after
year. Also it is not possible to identify which fund will beat the market index.
Therefore, there is an element of going wrong in selecting a fund to invest
in. This has lead to a huge interest in passively managed funds such as
Index Funds where the choice of investments is not left to the discretion of
the fund manager. Index Funds hold a diversified basket of securities which
represents the index while at the same time since there is not much active
turnover of the portfolio the cost of managing the fund also remains low.
This gives a dual advantage to the investor of having a diversified portfolio
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while at the same time having low expenses in fund. There are various
passively managed funds in India today some of them are:
Principal Index Fund, an index fund scheme on S&P CNX Nifty
launched by Principal Mutual Fund in July 1999.
UTI Nifty Fund launched by Unit Trust of India in March 2000.
Franklin India Index Fund launched by Franklin Templeton Mutual
Fund in June 2000.
Franklin India Index Tax Fund launched by Franklin Templeton
Mutual Fund in February 2001.
Magnum Index Fund launched by SBI Mutual Fund in December
2001.
IL&FS Index Fund launched by IL&FS Mutual Fund in February 2002.
Prudential ICICI Index Fund launched by Prudential ICICI Mutual
Fund in February 2002.
HDFC Index Fund-Nifty Plan launched by HDFC Mutual Fund in July
2002.
Birla Index Fund launched by Birla Sun Life Mutual Fund in
September 2002.
LIC Index Fund-Nifty Plan launched by LIC Mutual Fund in November
2002.
Tata Index Fund launched by Tata TD Waterhouse Mutual Fund in
February 2003.
ING Vysya Nifty Plus Fund launched by ING Vysya Mutual Fund in
January 2004.
Canindex Fund launched by Canbank Mutual Fund in September 2004
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What is an ETF?
Think of an exchange-traded fund as a mutual fund that trades like a stock.
Just like an index fund, an ETF represents a basket of stocks that reflect an
index such as the Nifty. An ETF, however, isn't a mutual fund; it trades just
like any other company on a stock exchange. Unlike a mutual fund that has
its net-asset value (NAV) calculated at the end of each trading day, an ETF's
price changes throughout the day, fluctuating with supply and demand. It is
important to remember that while ETFs attempt to replicate the return on
indexes, there is no guarantee that they will do so exactly.
By owning an ETF, you get the diversification of an index fund plus the
flexibility of a stock. Because, ETFs trade like stocks, you can short sell
them, buy them on margin and purchase as little as one share. Another
advantage is that the expense ratios of most ETFs are lower than that of the
average mutual fund. When buying and selling ETFs, you pay your broker
the same commission that you'd pay on any regular trade.
There are various ETFs available in India, such as:
NIFTY BeES: An Exchange Traded Fund launched by Benchmark
Mutual Fund in January 2002.
Junior BeES: An Exchange Traded Fund on CNX Nifty Junior,
launched by Benchmark Mutual Fund in February 2003.
SUNDER: An Exchange Traded Fund launched by UTI in July 2003.
Liquid BeES: An Exchange Traded Fund launched by Benchmark
Mutual Fund in July 2003.
Bank BeES: An Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) launched by Benchmark
Mutual Fund in May 2004.